Blood RNA and protein biomarkers are associated F1000Research Health effects of electronic cigarettes Wikipedia Although research on cancer risks associated with vaping is still limited, a 2025 systematic review found substantial evidence that e cigarette exposure is associated with biomarkers reflective of cancer disease risk. This includes Carcinogen Biomarkers in the Urine of Electronic Cigarette Users and Implications for the Development of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review ScienceDirect
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